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Scalability Architecture

Overview​

This document describes scalability strategies, optimizations, and future scaling solutions for Savitri Network.

Current Scalability​

Baseline Performance​

  • Throughput: 10,000+ TPS (target)
  • Latency: <2 seconds finality
  • Block Time: ~1 second
  • Network Size: 1000+ validators (target)

Current Limitations​

  • State Size: Grows linearly with usage
  • Block Size: Limited by propagation time
  • Validator Count: Limited by consensus overhead
  • Storage: Grows with history

Scaling Strategies​

Horizontal Scaling​

Validator Scaling​

  • Current: Single validator set
  • Future: Sharded validator sets
  • Benefit: Increased throughput
  • Challenge: Cross-shard communication

Node Scaling​

  • Current: All nodes process all transactions
  • Future: Specialized node types
  • Benefit: Resource optimization
  • Challenge: Coordination

Vertical Scaling​

CPU Optimization​

  • SIMD: Vectorized operations
  • Parallel Execution: Multi-core utilization
  • Optimized Algorithms: Efficient implementations
  • Result: 4-8x improvement

Memory Optimization​

  • Caching: Smart cache management
  • Data Structures: Efficient representations
  • Memory Pool: Reduced allocations
  • Result: Lower memory usage

Storage Optimization​

  • Compression: Data compression
  • Deduplication: Eliminate redundancy
  • Pruning: Remove old data
  • Result: Reduced storage growth

Sharding Architecture (Future)​

Shard Design​

Shard Structure​

Shard 0: Accounts 0x0000... - 0x3FFF...
Shard 1: Accounts 0x4000... - 0x7FFF...
Shard 2: Accounts 0x8000... - 0xBFFF...
Shard 3: Accounts 0xC000... - 0xFFFF...

Shard Assignment​

  • Method: Address-based sharding
  • Algorithm: Hash(address) % num_shards
  • Benefit: Deterministic assignment
  • Challenge: Load balancing

Cross-Shard Transactions​

Transaction Types​

  • Intra-Shard: Within same shard (fast)
  • Cross-Shard: Between shards (slower)

Cross-Shard Protocol​

1. Transaction submitted to source shard
   ↓
2. Source shard locks funds
   ↓
3. Cross-shard message sent
   ↓
4. Destination shard receives message
   ↓
5. Destination shard executes
   ↓
6. Confirmation sent back
   ↓
7. Source shard unlocks/commits

Shard Coordination​

Beacon Chain​

  • Purpose: Coordinate shards
  • Function: Finality, validator assignment
  • Frequency: Every epoch
  • Overhead: Minimal

Parallel Execution​

Current Implementation​

Independent Transactions​

  • Detection: Dependency analysis
  • Execution: Parallel processing
  • Benefit: Increased throughput
  • Limitation: Dependency constraints

SIMD Optimization​

  • Usage: Batch operations
  • Benefit: 4-8x speedup
  • Application: Signature verification, hashing
  • Status: Implemented

Future Enhancements​

Advanced Parallelization​

  • Method: Fine-grained parallelism
  • Benefit: Better CPU utilization
  • Challenge: Dependency management
  • Status: Research phase

GPU Acceleration​

  • Use Case: Cryptographic operations
  • Benefit: Massive parallelism
  • Challenge: Data transfer overhead
  • Status: Experimental

State Management Scaling​

State Sharding​

Sharded State Trie​

  • Structure: Separate tries per shard
  • Benefit: Reduced state size per shard
  • Challenge: Cross-shard queries
  • Status: Planned

State Pruning​

Pruning Strategy​

  • Keep: Recent state (last N blocks)
  • Archive: Older state to archive storage
  • Delete: Very old state (optional)
  • Benefit: Reduced storage growth

State Compression​

Compression Techniques​

  • Trie Compression: Efficient node representation
  • State Compression: Compress account data
  • Storage Compression: Compress stored data
  • Benefit: Reduced storage usage

Network Scaling​

Bandwidth Optimization​

Message Compression​

  • Algorithm: Snappy or gzip
  • Benefit: Reduced bandwidth usage
  • Trade-off: CPU usage
  • Status: Implemented

Message Batching​

  • Method: Group multiple messages
  • Benefit: Reduced overhead
  • Trade-off: Slight delay
  • Status: Implemented

Peer Management​

Efficient Topology​

  • Structure: Optimized peer connections
  • Benefit: Reduced message hops
  • Challenge: Maintaining connectivity
  • Status: Optimized

Layer 2 Solutions​

State Channels​

Channel Design​

  • Purpose: Off-chain transactions
  • Benefit: Instant, low-cost
  • Use Case: High-frequency transactions
  • Status: Research phase

Sidechains​

Sidechain Architecture​

  • Purpose: Separate execution environment
  • Benefit: Custom rules, higher throughput
  • Challenge: Security and bridging
  • Status: Planned

Rollups​

Rollup Types​

  • Optimistic Rollups: Fraud proofs
  • ZK Rollups: Zero-knowledge proofs
  • Benefit: High throughput, low cost
  • Challenge: Implementation complexity
  • Status: Research phase

Performance Metrics​

Current Metrics​

  • Throughput: 10,000+ TPS
  • Latency: <2 seconds
  • Storage Growth: ~10 GB/month
  • Bandwidth: ~100 MB/s per node

Target Metrics​

  • Throughput: 100,000+ TPS (with sharding)
  • Latency: <1 second
  • Storage Growth: Optimized
  • Bandwidth: Efficient usage

Scalability Roadmap​

Phase 1: Optimization (Current)​

  • Focus: Vertical scaling
  • Improvements: SIMD, parallel execution
  • Target: 10,000+ TPS
  • Status: In progress

Phase 2: Sharding (2026)​

  • Focus: Horizontal scaling
  • Improvements: State sharding, cross-shard transactions
  • Target: 100,000+ TPS
  • Status: Research phase

Phase 3: Layer 2 (2027+)​

  • Focus: Off-chain solutions
  • Improvements: State channels, rollups
  • Target: Unlimited scalability
  • Status: Planning phase

Challenges and Solutions​

Challenge 1: Cross-Shard Communication​

Solution: Efficient cross-shard protocol, async messaging

Challenge 2: State Synchronization​

Solution: Sharded state, efficient sync protocols

Challenge 3: Validator Coordination​

Solution: Beacon chain, efficient consensus

Challenge 4: Load Balancing​

Solution: Dynamic shard assignment, rebalancing

Research Areas​

Active Research​

  • Sharding protocols
  • Cross-shard transactions
  • State management
  • Consensus scalability

Future Research​

  • Quantum-resistant scaling
  • Advanced parallelization
  • Novel consensus mechanisms
  • Edge computing integration

Scalability is a continuous focus for Savitri Network. Through optimization, sharding, and Layer 2 solutions, we aim to achieve unlimited scalability while maintaining decentralization and security.